Moral desensitization in the digital age: A synthesis of theory, empirical evidence, and implications (a narrative review)

Moral desensitization has become a critical issue in the digital age, as exposure to violence and ethical violations intensifies through media and algorithms that display repetitive narratives. This study aims to analyze the development of the concept and theory of moral desensitization, identify research gaps, and synthesize findings to enrich theory development. A narrative review approach was used to review 15 articles (2003–2024), integrating evidence from laboratory experiments, longitudinal surveys, and neurophysiological measurements. The results indicate that moral desensitization is a multipath phenomenon encompassing affective habituation, physiological-neural adaptation, attentional changes, and cognitive-evaluative mechanisms such as the moral repetition effect. Consistent evidence on the affective pathway supports decreased empathy and prosociality, while neural outcomes are variable and require more rigorous indicator mapping. Future research should develop longitudinal designs, explicitly measure moral judgment, and explore cross-cultural and age-specific approaches. Practical implications include developing media literacy and policies that anticipate the impact of the normalization of violence through narrative repetition, to prevent moral desensitization in society.