Heme as activator and target for artemisinin: Towards multiple pharmacological bioactivity

Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene trioxane derived from the plant <i>Artemisia annua</i>, possesses a distinctive peroxide bridge structure that endows it with remarkable biological activity, primarily through its interaction with heme. Given artemisinin's well-established clinical safety profile, researchers are increasingly investigating its potential applications in antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral treatments. This review employs heme as a foundational element to dissect the mechanisms underlying the diverse pharmacological actions of artemisinin, thereby expanding its application prospects. It also offers valuable insights for the development of novel pharmaceuticals and innovative therapeutic strategies targeting various human diseases.