Sustainable Mobility in Evolution: Growth and Challenges of Electric Vehicles

This study presents a systematic review of sustainability strategies for electric bus charging infrastructure using the PRISMA framework. 80 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2024 were analysed to identify key approaches that enhance energy efficiency and infrastructure resilience. The main strategies include: (1) optimizing station locations through the Charging Station Location Problem (CSLP) model to align demand, costs, and spatial constraints; (2) implementing fast-charging systems via nonlinear programming to reduce operational downtime; (3) integrating renewable-powered direct-current micro grids to relieve stress on public grids; and (4) deploying battery exchange models that improve voltage stability and financial performance. Smart grid technologies like Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), combined with artificial intelligence and blockchain, support real-time management, energy transaction security, and fleet optimization. However, challenges persist, such as standardizing technical protocols, expanding infrastructure in resource-limited regions, and minimizing reliance on critical materials like lithium and cobalt. The study emphasizes inclusive policy frameworks and circular economy strategies, especially in battery reuse and recycling. Future research should focus on alternative cathode materials (e.g., sodium, iron), AI-based forecasting models, and adaptive regulations. The findings highlight that a sustainable transition to electric buses requires interdisciplinary solutions linking mobility, energy, and urban equity.