Comparative analysis of Nature-based Solutions for urban flood management in Mediterranean cities

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are increasingly being adopted for urban flood management, particularly in Mediterranean European cities facing heightened climate variability and associated flood risks. This study presents a comparative analysis of NbS implementations across diverse Mediterranean urban contexts, aiming to identify common patterns and the factors influencing their adoption. Using a case study approach, data were collected from established platforms such as OPPLA, Urban Nature Atlas, and PANORAMA, as well as from city-level reports. The analysis focuses on three key dimensions: types of NbS implemented (e.g., green roofs, permeable pavements), NbS typologies (e.g., green infrastructure, blue infrastructure, etc), and their integration into spatial planning. The results reveal a recurring use of similar NbS across cities, suggesting the influence of shared environmental conditions, infrastructure limitations, and policy frameworks. However, some cities exhibit deviations, prompting further investigation into local governance structures, socio-economic contexts, and spatial constraints. The findings suggest that NbS implementation in Mediterranean cities tends to follow a uniform model, raising critical questions about whether this homogeneity reflects genuine suitability or a lack of context-specific adaptation. The study emphasises the need to refine NbS strategies by promoting tailored approaches that align with the unique characteristics of each urban setting.