TSO: Zero-Energy States and Vacuum Stability

We analyse zero-energy states and vacuum stability within Time–Space Oscillation (TSO) theory. The intrinsic TSO vacuum consists of a coherent four-helix configuration with strictly zero energy. Observer-dependent phase displacement introduces a small residual vacuum energy, which we quantify and link to measurable frequencies, including the Compton frequency. The framework also addresses particle excitations, vacuum fluctuations, and cosmological consequences. A comparison with the Casimir effect highlights differences and TSO-specific predictions. For readers new to the Time–Space Oscillation framework, a structured overview of the four foundational TSO conceptual papers is available in “Time Space Oscillations. Introduction papers” (Zenodo DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1767154). This companion document summarises the core principles of TSO —TSO concept, Time dilation and Gravity equivalence, TSO & EM, TSO & QM—and provides direct links to the full manuscripts. It serves as the recommended starting point for understanding how the present photon model fits into the broader TSO structure. For an overview of related work and publications, visit:https://ndl1971.github.io/time-space-oscillations/