Germination Characteristic of Frass Derived from Black Soldier Fly – Based Bioconversion of Chicken Manure and Rice Hull Biochar

This study aimed to determine the effects of different types and doses of BSFL Frass on tomato seed germination. A factorial randomized design with two factors and two replications was used to evaluate germination percentage, vigor index, shoot length, root length. The result showed that frass 6 produced the highest germination percentage and vigor index while a 30% frass dose yielded the best germination performance. The 10% frass dose resulted in the longest shoot and root growth. These findings suggest that BSFL frass, particularly frass 6 at moderate application rate, can enhance tomato germination and has strong potential as a sustainable biofertilizer for improving crop establishment.