Vegetation Cover as an Indicator of Degradation and Restoration of Ecosystems in the Aral Sea Region

The study analyzes changes in the vegetation cover of the Aral Sea region and its role in the processes of ecosystem degradation and restoration. The effectiveness of phytomelioration and the introduction of autochthonous plant species - such as saxaul (Haloxylon persicum). fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens). and wormwood (Artemisia) - as well as other restoration methods, is assessed. The research is based on satellite data obtained with Landsat as well as Sentinel missions, as well as field work interpretation conducted in phytomelioration implementation regions. Results show that vegetation area decreased from 45.000 km2 in 1980 to 18.000 km2 in 2010. followed by partial recoveiy to 24,000 km2 by 2024. while species richness dropped from 120 to 85 species. Dynamics of vegetation throughout some decades as well as phytomelioration impacts on ecosystem state have been presented. Although restoration initiatives with native plants improved vegetation density and soil stabilization, species composition has not yet reached pre-degradation levels. The study is limited by the absence of direct field measurements and socio-economic assessment, which requires further research. Based on results, it is concluded with regard to necessity of integrated measures in ecosystem recoveiy as well as long-term monitoring potential in reaions.