infections in tits (Aves, Paridae): blood and tissue stages investigated using an integrative approach

Leucocytozoon species are cosmopolitan and prevalent avian parasites, with some infections being lethal, mainly due to the exo-erythrocytic development of the parasite in bird tissues. The patterns of exo-erythrocytic development in Leucocytozoon spp. infections in wild birds remain poorly studied. This study investigated the development of Leucocytozoon spp. tissue stages in tits (Paridae). Great tits (Parus major), Blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), and Coal tits (Periparus ater) were screened for infections using an integrative approach that consisted of microscopic analysis of thin blood smears, histological techniques, chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), PCR-based methods, and phylogenetic analysis. In total, 41 individuals were analyzed (eight naturally infected that were selected and euthanized, and 33 found dead in the wild and opportunistically sampled). Among the naturally infected birds, all individuals that were microscopically positive for Leucocytozoon species were also PCR-positive for these parasites. Co-infections with Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. were commonly found, mainly among the opportunistically sampled birds. Two morphotypes were identified, Leucocytozoon majoris (Laveran, 1902) and Leucocytozoon fringillinarum Woodcock, 1910. Tissue stages were present in three birds sampled exclusively during the non-breeding season, two of them with meronts developing in the kidneys and liver, and one individual with a megalomeront in the heart. All the exo-erythrocytic stages were confirmed to be Leucocytozoon spp. by CISH using a Leucocytozoon genus-specific probe. Phylogenetic analysis placed parasite lineages with different morphotypes in separate clades. The developmental patterns of exo-erythrocytic stages of Leucocytozoon spp. in naturally infected passerines are poorly understood, requiring further research.