Policy development for the implementation of intelligent transportation system in public bicycle sharing system in Bandung: Lessons from Seoul and Busan

Public Bicycle Sharing System (PBSS) has emerged as a sustainable mobility solution to reduce traffic congestion, improve first- and last-mile connectivity, and promote low-carbon transportation. This paper investigates the development of PBSS in Bandung, Indonesia, and explores policy and technological lessons from Seoul and Busan, South Korea. Using a combination of policy review, benchmarking analysis, SWOT analysis, and radar chart visualization, this study identifies gaps in regulation, infrastructure, and Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) adoption in Bandung. The results show that while Seoul and Busan have successfully integrated AI-based demand forecasting, IoT-enabled maintenance, and digital payment systems into their PBSS, Bandung still relies on limited manual management, resulting in low utilization and user satisfaction. Based on these findings, a strategic policy matrix (SO, WO, ST, WT) is proposed to guide future development, emphasizing consistent funding, regulatory frameworks, and public–private collaboration. The study concludes that ITS adoption is essential to transform PBSS from a pilot project into a reliable and sustainable urban mobility service in Indonesia.