FACTORS OF DIMORPHISM AND SUCCESSION IN HIGHER AQUATIC PLANTS

This article examines the factors of dimorphism and succession in higher aquatic plants, which determine their adaptation and development under changing aquatic conditions. Dimorphism is expressed through morphological and physiological differences between emergent and submerged plant organs, enabling the efficient use of light, oxygen, and nutrients. It develops under the influence of light availability, depth, water transparency, and chemical composition of the environment, and reflects phenotypic plasticity - the ability of plants to alter their form without genetic change. Succession refers to the sequential replacement of plant communities over time, beginning with pioneer species and progressing toward stable communities typical of marsh or terrestrial ecosystems. This process is driven by natural factors (climate, hydrology, biotic interactions) as well as anthropogenic influences (eutrophication, pollution, water-level regulation). The study concludes that while dimorphism ensures individual plant adaptation, succession reflects the evolutionary trajectory of the entire community. Together, these processes shape the resilience and dynamic balance of aquatic ecosystems.