Cyclothymic‐hypersensitive temperament in early adolescence: Longitudinal measurement invariance and associations with psychopathology over time

Abstract Background Cyclothymic‐Hypersensitive Temperament (CHT) is characterised by mood instability, interpersonal hypersensitivity, and emotional hyperreactivity, traits frequently observed in general population as well as clinical settings but often eluding strict diagnostic classifications. CHT offers valuable insights into adolescents' emotional and behavioural patterns, but further research is needed to explore its longitudinal associations with psychopathology and clarify its clinical significance. Methods Data were collected from 780 students (50.1% male, mean age at first assessment: 11.35 ± 0.49 years). The study used a longitudinal design with two assessments 2 years apart. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, whereas CHT Questionnaire (CHTQ) assessed CHT. Longitudinal Measurement Invariance of the CHTQ was tested to ensure construct consistency, and a Cross‐Lagged Panel Model (CLPM) was used to examine bidirectional relationships between CHT and psychopathology over time. Results The CHTQ demonstrated configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance throughout time, confirming its robustness and stability. The CLPM revealed a substantial stability of CHT across time ( b = 0.430, SE = 0.078, 95% CI [0.277, 0.583], β = 0.475, p < 0.001) and a specific significant longitudinal association between CHT and psychopathology ( b = 0.290, SE = 0.103, 95% CI [0.088, 0.492], β = 0.256, p < 0.001). Conclusion The demonstrated invariance underscores the CHTQ's value as a reliable tool for future research on developmental trajectories and longitudinal patterns of CHT in early adolescence. CHT plays a key role in the onset of early psychopathological symptoms, positioning it within a psychopathological framework.