Empirically evaluating the use of bytecode for diversity-based test case prioritisation

Regression testing assures software correctness after changes but is resource-intensive. Test Case Prioritisation (TCP) mitigates this by ordering tests to maximise early fault detection. Diversity-based TCP prioritises dissimilar tests, assuming they exercise different system parts and uncover more faults. Traditional static diversity-based TCP approaches (i.e., methods that utilise the dissimilarity of tests), like the state-of-the-art FAST approach, rely on textual diversity from test source code, which is effective but inefficient due to its relative verbosity and redundancies affecting similarity calculations. This paper is the first to study bytecode as the basis of diversity in TCP, leveraging its compactness for improved efficiency and accuracy. An empirical study on seven Defects4J projects shows that bytecode diversity improves fault detection by 2.3-7.8% over text-based TCP. It is also 2-3 orders of magnitude faster in one TCP approach and 2.5-6 times faster in FAST-based TCP. Filtering specific bytecode instructions improves efficiency up to fourfold while maintaining effectiveness, making bytecode diversity a superior static approach.