Rural voices on renewable energy: A Q methodology study of agricultural land use perceptions

For many older farmers, the family farm remains a source of deep emotional connection, fostering a strong sense of territoriality and shared pride in place (Chambers, 2021; Downey et al., 2017). However, as farmers age and face increasing physical challenges, underused land and shifting economic priorities have led to new pressures on rural land use (Mehrabi, 2023). Rural land is now increasingly targeted for renewable energy development due to its relative abundance and suitability for large-scale renewable energy projects (Deavers, 1992; Shi et al., 2024). Renewable energy promises economic growth and environmental sustainability, but the expansion process raises concerns about land use conflicts, rural identity, and agricultural preservation. Understanding how rural residents perceive these developments is essential for shaping approaches that align with community values and needs. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of rural U.S. residents toward the use of agricultural land for renewable energy. Thirty-nine rural residents sorted a 36-statement Q set related to wildlife, environmental impact, financial and economic factors, community involvement, emotional connection to the land, current land use, and future plans. The condition of instruction for this study was, “What are your thoughts on using agricultural land for renewable energy?” This study identified four distinct perspectives: Agricultural Preservationists, Visionary Contributors, Community Conservationists, and Intergenerational Stewards. Agricultural Preservationists prioritize maintaining farmland for food production and view renewable energy as a potential threat to agricultural traditions. Visionary Contributors favor renewable energy for economic and technological progress, emphasizing long-term benefits. Community Conservationists seek balanced development parallel with local values. Intergenerational Stewards focus on inheritance and seek to preserve a legacy for future generations. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on rural energy transitions, emphasizing the need for communication and development strategies with consideration to the diverse viewpoints of rural residents.