Validating the efficacy of the GreenSCOR model in creating sustainability performance for manufacturing companies: a mixed-method analysis

Purpose The purpose of the paper is to examine the effectiveness of the green supply chain operations reference (GreenSCOR) model in achieving sustainability performance for manufacturing companies. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a mixed-methods approach by analyzing survey data from 304 respondents in manufacturing firms using SEM and NCA, alongside insights from focus group discussions with 13 supply chain professionals to assess and contextualize the impact of GreenSCOR components on sustainability performance. Findings The results show that Green Plan, Green Make and Green Return are statistically significant and necessary for achieving sustainability performance, with Green Return being the most critical constraint. Qualitative insights further validate these findings, highlighting the importance of top management support, technological readiness and interdepartmental coordination. Research limitations/implications This study focuses on manufacturing firms, which limits its generalizability to other sectors with distinct supply chain dynamics. While the mixed-methods approach adds depth, qualitative insights are based on a small sample. Practical implications The study provides actionable guidance for manufacturing firms to prioritize Green Plan, Green Make and Green Return in their sustainability strategies. Managers should align their operations with sustainability goals by improving processes, adopting circular practices and strengthening planning. Originality/value This study is unique as it (1) combines SEM and NCA to identify both sufficient and necessary conditions for sustainability performance simultaneously and (2) incorporates focus group discussions (FGD) to validate and reconfirm quantitative findings, enhancing the credibility and contextual relevance of the results.