Structural Time Theory: A Non-Expanding Cosmological Framework with Emergent Temporal Acceleration

This work introduces the Structural Time Theory, a phenomenological cosmological framework in which cosmological observables arise from the dynamical evolution of time rather than from the geometric expansion of space. In this approach, temporal flow depends on structural organization, generating an apparent redshift through relative clock acceleration between observers and cosmic environments. The framework provides unified non-geometric interpretations of major cosmological tensions, including the Hubble tension, baryon acoustic oscillations, cosmic microwave background features, Big Bang nucleosynthesis, large-scale structure discrepancies, early massive galaxies observed by JWST, and the red-noise component of the supernova monopole. The theory further predicts measurable local effects, including Earth flyby velocity anomalies, Lunar Laser Ranging signatures, GNSS clock biases, BepiColombo radio-science deviations, and potential violations of the weak equivalence principle. All proposed tests are falsifiable within current or near-future experimental capabilities. This document serves as a global theoretical reference establishing the consistency, limits, and experimental leverage of the Structural Time framework.