Exploring the decline of neglected and underutilized food crops in Sierra Leone

Neglected and underutilized food crops (NUFCs) play a critical role in enhancing food security, biodiversity, and climate resilience, particularly in low-income settings. In Sierra Leone, however, the cultivation and consumption of NUFCs have declined significantly, despite their historical and nutritional importance. However, modern agricultural shifts, urbanization, and changing diets have led to a decline in their use. This study investigates the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors contributing to the underutilization of NUFCs in Sierra Leone. Specifically, it explores local perceptions, usage patterns, and barriers to adoption across diverse agro-ecological zones. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions across three agro-ecological zones. Data were analyzed thematically to capture perceptions, practices, and policy gaps related to NUFCs. The findings revealed that a few Leafy Green Vegetables (LGV) such as Abelmoschus esculentus, Amaranthus spinosus, and Manihot esculenta are experiencing increased utilization due to their availability, adaptability, and market demand. A significant number of species, including Anthrocleista nobilis, Boehmeria cylindrica, Celosia argentea, Piper unbellatum, and Vernonia amygdalina, are in decline. The reasons for non-consumption were primarily consumer preferences (e.g., taste aversion, allergies, etc.) and physical constraints (e.g., unavailability of planting materials, market absence, cost), with both categories playing substantial roles in NUFC underutilization. The study highlights a complex interplay of cultural preferences, perceived taste, limited market access, and declining traditional knowledge as key drivers of NUFC underutilization in Sierra Leone. Despite recognition of their nutritional and agronomic value, these crops remain marginalized in daily diets and farming practices. Understanding these dynamics is essential for contextualizing the decline of NUFCs and identifying pathways for their preservation within local food systems.