Dynamic accessibility modelling for cycling: Incorporating time-of-day and demographic variability in infrastructure preferences

Increasing the opportunities for people to cycle addresses some of society's greatest challenges, including congestion, low air quality, health concerns, and unequal access to amenities. Current accessibility modelling identifies reachable spatially distributed activities but falls short of incorporating cycle parking facilities as well as riders' characteristics and time-dependent perceptions of cycling infrastructure. This article addresses this gap by developing the dynamic accessibility framework. It is applied to the university market town of Loughborough, UK, in an exemplary manner. The results showcase that accessibility to services depends on personal characteristics alongside time-dependent variables and that accessibility models should account for the presence of cycle parking facilities. The presented framework can be used as a tool to determine the best strategy to increase cycling accessibility on a spatially granular level, be it through improvements of cycling infrastructure and street lighting or behaviour change interventions.