Dietary enrichment of Leghorn layers with flaxseed, chia seed, and fish oil: effects on performance patterns and egg quality characteristics

Omega-3 (Ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients with cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits. This study evaluated the impact of flaxseed (FS), chia seed (CS), and fish oil (FO) enrichment on performance and egg quality in Leghorn layers. Nine experimental diets were administered over eight weeks. Feed intake varied significantly (p < 0.05), with higher consumption in CS diets (15 g, 30 g) and lower intake in FS diets (10 g, 20 g). By weeks 6 and 8, FO diets (1 mL) showed distinct trends. Body weight increased across all groups, with control (T0) differing significantly from enriched treatments. FS supplementation notably improved egg weight, while egg production rose steadily without adverse effects. Most egg quality traits were unaffected, except yolk color, which improved by week 8. Overall, FS, CS, and FO are promising feed additives to enhance egg quality and layer performance, supporting the production of functional eggs aligned with consumer and public health goals without compromising productivity.