Victimology in Global and Indian Perspectives: Evolution, Impact, Legal Frameworks, and Contemporary Developments

This scholarly article by Mr. Ganesh Shrirang Nale (Satarkar) examines the evolution and contemporary scope of victimology by integrating global frameworks and Indian legal perspectives. The study traces the historical emergence of victimology from early restitution-based justice systems to its recognition as a scientific field influenced by pioneers such as Mendelsohn and von Hentig. It highlights major developments including the 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, criminological theories (routine activity, lifestyle exposure, repeat victimization), and the psychological, financial, and social impacts of victimization. The article further evaluates India’s legal mechanisms such as CrPC Sections 357, 357A, and 372, Supreme Court judgments, state victim compensation schemes, and the evolving role of NGOs.Through a comprehensive sociological and legal lens, the work emphasizes contemporary themes like cyber victimology, clinical victimology, mass victimization, therapeutic jurisprudence, and positive victimology, advocating for a holistic, victim-centric justice model that strengthens rights, rehabilitation, and equitable access to justice.