India–US Trade Relations: A Structural Review of Bilateral Dynamics, Competitiveness, and Policy Evolution (2010–2025)

This paper provides a structural review of India–US trade relations from 2010 to 2025, examining bilateral dynamics, shifts in competitiveness, and evolving policy frameworks across goods, services, and investment channels. It analyses long-term trends in trade composition, tariff and non-tariff measures, supply-chain realignments, and sectoral competitiveness, including technology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, digital services, and strategic industries. Using secondary trade data and policy documents, the study highlights the growing role of strategic interdependence, regional trade agreements, and geopolitical realignments in shaping bilateral trade. The analysis further examines persistent asymmetries in market access, regulatory barriers, intellectual property regimes, and labour productivity differentials. Policy recommendations emphasise strengthening export competitiveness, deepening digital and services trade cooperation, improving trade facilitation, and expanding bilateral institutional mechanisms to support sustainable and mutually beneficial economic engagement.