Piezoelectric Surgery in Oral and Maxillofacial Procedures: A Contemporary Review

Piezoelectric surgery has emerged as a transformative tool in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Unlike traditional cutting instruments, piezoelectric devices utilize ultrasonic micro-vibrations to selectively incise mineralized tissues while sparing soft tissue structures. This innovative technology has been shown to improve safety, precision, and healing outcomes in procedures such as implantology, sinus augmentation, bone harvesting, and orthognathic surgery. Piezoelectric systems function using high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations (typically 25–30 kHz) that enable micrometric bone cutting with enhanced control and minimal trauma. The ability to cut hard tissues while preserving soft tissues provides a major advantage in areas near critical anatomical structures such as nerves and blood vessels. The technique also reduces intraoperative bleeding and postoperative complications, leading to better healing and patient comfort. Furthermore, piezosurgery improves visibility in the surgical field by minimizing blood loss. Although the equipment cost and longer surgical duration are potential drawbacks, the overall benefits including improved precision, safety, and biological response make it a valuable asset in modern oral and maxillofacial surgical procedures. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of the principles, instrumentation, biological effects, clinical indications, and limitations of piezosurgery, with evidence based comparisons to conventional techniques.