The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity

Aging of the body is a complex, multifactorial biological process, leading to a gradual loss of homeostasis, accumulation of molecular damage, and an increase in susceptibility to civilization diseases. In the face of a global aging population, pharmacological strategies are intensively sought that could slow down or partially reverse the aging process. One of the best-understood molecular pathways for regulating lifespan is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which integrates metabolic, hormonal, and environmental signals. Inhibition of mTOR, through the use of rapamycin and its analogs, consistently prolongs life in numerous animal models, improving age-related physiological functions. Preclinical evidence indicates that rapamycin prolongs the life of animals, improves metabolism, heart function, cognitive abilities, and immunity. In human clinical trials, low doses of rapamycin improve the immune response, reduce markers of skin aging, and are well tolerated. Rapamycin opens a new chapter in research into pharmacological slowing of aging. Understanding its effects on mTOR and autophagy could enable the development of effective interventions to support human longevity and metabolic health in the future, making these substances a promising direction for further research.