Cesarean section in obstetrics

Cesarean section (CS) is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures in modern obstetrics and plays a critical role in reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality when clinically indicated. Over the past decades, global CS rates have risen substantially, influenced by medical, demographic, socioeconomic and institutional factors. This article provides a comprehensive review of cesarean section within current obstetric practice, examining its major indications, operative techniques, perioperative management, and associated maternal and neonatal outcomes. The review highlights both the life-saving potential of CS and the risks related to unnecessary procedures, including surgical complications, postpartum recovery challenges, and implications for future pregnancies. It also identifies strategies to optimize decision-making, promote safe vaginal birth, and reduce non-medically indicated cesarean deliveries. Understanding the full spectrum of evidence surrounding cesarean section is essential for clinicians, students, and policymakers aiming to deliver