Air‐Cooled Building‐Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal Collectors with Perforated Jet Plates and Elongated Nozzles—Evaluation with Unified Performance Parameter

The implementation of the jet impingement technique in air‐cooled building‐integrated photovoltaic‐thermal (BIPV/T) systems is a promising yet underexplored solution. To assess its potential, a multivariant numerical study of various geometries was carried out. The parameters were derived from an innovative integration of the BIPV/T system with an air‐source heat pump. Steady‐state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations employed the discrete ordinate radiation and shear stress transport k –ω turbulence models. Systems with different nozzle heights and perforated jet plate positions were compared to a straight‐channel reference. Both nozzle‐based and perforated jet plate configurations outperformed the reference, increasing thermal efficiency by 15.9%–32.1% and 3.5%–4.1%, electrical efficiency by 13.1%–22.7% and 5.0%–5.6%, and net power output by 10.9%–23.6% and 8.4%–20.4%, respectively. Placing nozzle outlets closer to the PV roof tile rear wall improved collector performance with only minor pressure drop changes (≤19.55%). The perforated jet plate performed best when positioned 25 mm from the rear wall, as flow resistance increased parabolically (up to 13‐fold). Final recommendations were based on the newly proposed electro‐thermo‐hydraulic performance parameter (ETHPP), reflecting energy balance and the power‐to‐heat cost ratio. ETHPP distributions confirm that nozzle configurations are highly justified, with values of 1.02–1.24 across all conditions, consistently outperforming the perforated jet plate variant.