Solute carrier family 9 member A5 regulated by TGF-β is necessary for dental enamel formation

SLC9A5 is a downstream target of TGF-β signaling, which is indispensable for enamel maturation because it maintains ion transport and extracellular pH homeostasis in ameloblasts. Its deficiency leads to reduced mineral density, altered Ca/P composition, and progressive enamel loss. These findings underscore the essential role of SLC9A5 in the long-term structural stability of enamel.