Scientific Advances in Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂)-Based Photovoltaic Cells

<p>Abstract:<br>Background: This article presents a comprehensive review of the use of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) in photovoltaic<br>cells, focusing on its structural, optical, and electronic properties. The study critically examines doping<br>strategies (such as the incorporation of Nb) and morphological modifications, as well as synthesis methods and<br>characterization techniques that influence the performance of TiO₂-based photovoltaic devices, including dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells.<br>Materials and Methods: The review draws on bibliographic prospecting and comparative analysis of recent<br>scientific literature. It discusses various synthesis and characterization techniques—such as X-ray diffraction<br>(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy—used to assess the crystalline<br>structure, optical behavior, and electrical properties of TiO₂.<br>Results: The findings indicate that the field of TiO₂-based photovoltaics is both consolidated and expanding, as<br>evidenced by a growing number of recent publications dedicated to optimizing this semiconductor. Advances in<br>material engineering, synthesis control, and device architecture have contributed to improving the conversion<br>efficiency and stability of solar cells.<br>Conclusion: This study analyzes recent scientific progress in TiO₂-based photovoltaic cells, emphasizing the<br>evolution of materials, manufacturing methods, and energy efficiency improvements. The results highlight the<br>material’s potential to support the development of sustainable solar energy conversion technologies. In<br>summary, the research quantifies the impact of different TiO₂ modification approaches on solar cell<br>performance, particularly in enhancing energy conversion efficiency.<br>Keywords: Titanium Dioxide; Photovoltaic Cells; Perovskite; Material Characterization</p>