In vitro toxicity screening of veterinary pharmaceuticals on ammonia oxidizing microbes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Livestock production generates animal waste containing pharmaceutical compounds that when used as soil manures in agriculture could lead to soil pollution and threatens the soil microbiota. The aim of this study was to screen, using in vitro assays, the toxicity of nine veterinary pharmaceuticals (sulfamethazine, ofloxacin, neomycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, tilmicosin, moxidectin, toltrazuril, and florfenicol) to two key soil functional microbial groups: amonnium oxodizing microorganisms (AOA and AOB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and to determine, if possible, their EC₅₀ values.