Nanoemulsion-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Advancing Therapeutics for Superficial Fungal Infections

Introduction: Skin diseases caused by superficial fungal infections remain a common global health concern, as they impact 15-25% of the global population. It often requires efficient and targeted treatment options. Nanoemulsion (NE)-based drug delivery systems offer promising solutions to these challenges and enhance treatment efficacy. Owing to their nanoscale droplet size, enhanced solubility, thermodynamic stability, and improved bioavailability, NEs offer an effective solution for delivering poorly water-soluble antifungal drugs directly to infection sites. This review explores the role of NEs in antifungal therapy, beginning with a brief understanding of superficial fungal infections and their treatment challenges. Methods: Formulation components, including oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants, along with optimization strategies using the Design of Experiments (DoE) and pseudoternary phase diagrams, are explored. Results: The application of Quality by Design (QbD) in NE development helps optimize formulation parameters, identify Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs), and enhance product performance. Characterization techniques, such as particle size analysis, zeta potential, and drug entrapment efficiency, are also discussed to ensure the stability and efficacy of the formulation. Discussion: Recent advancements, marketed products, and patented formulations highlight the increasing research interest in NEs. However, challenges such as formulation stability, bioavailability concerns, and drug interactions persist, requiring further research and innovation. Conclusion: NEs represent a promising platform for improving antifungal therapy, enhancing drug delivery, and addressing the limitations of existing treatments for superficial fungal infections.