Distributed control of large-scale light-emitting-diodes for providing operating reserve based on adaptive comfort-oriented consensus algorithm

The growing integration of renewable energy sources intensifies grid volatility and raises the demand for flexible operating reserves. Light-emitting-diode (LED) lighting, which accounts for 15–20 % of the global electricity consumption, offers significant potential for demand response. However, large-scale coordination of geographically distributed LEDs poses significant challenges in communication costs, privacy preservation, and response latency under conventional centralized control. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel distributed control framework for LED lighting that provides operating reserves through an adaptive comfort-oriented consensus algorithm. A users’ comfort model is proposed to mitigate the risk of information leakage. The model preserves privacy through a normalization technique that replaces raw illuminance data with user-comfort metrics during data exchange. Building upon this foundation, a dynamic target power regulation strategy is introduced to address nonmonotonic linear control, while maintaining uniformity in user-perceived comfort. Further, an adaptive optimization algorithm is employed to accelerate convergence and enhance system responsiveness through dynamically regulating the algorithm’s parameters. Numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively balances power regulation with users’ comfort, and the practicality of the proposed approach. Compared to conventional centralized-control approaches, the proposed method not only enhances privacy protection and reduces communication burdens but also reliably contributes to operating-reserve provision.