Tunisian goat population: An untapped genetic resource for resilient livestock systems

The indigenous Tunisian goat, known as the "Arbi" breed, represents a critical yet underutilized genetic resource for building climate-resilient livestock systems in North Africa. Shaped by a unique history of domestication, policy-driven population fluctuations, and adaptation to harsh environments, this breed has developed exceptional traits for heat tolerance, drought resistance, and disease resilience. However, the sector faces significant challenges, including feed scarcity, harsh climates, and a threat to genetic integrity from uncontrolled crossbreeding with exotic breeds. This review synthesizes existing knowledge to highlight the value of the Tunisian goat population by: (1) tracing its historical and political context, (2) characterizing its diverse genotypes and distribution, (3) detailing its unique adaptive traits, (4) analyzing production trends, and (5) discussing major constraints. We conclude that the local "Arbi" goat is an untapped genetic reservoir, and its conservation and structured improvement are paramount for enhancing the sustainability and resilience of pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods in Tunisia and analogous regions.