A Review of Innovative CO2 Reduction Methods for Climate Change Mitigation

<div dir="ltr">This review highlights the urgent need for innovative methods to reduce and capture carbon dioxide (CO₂), a crucial step in tackling climate change. Over the past century, human activities have raised atmospheric CO₂ levels from 310 ppm to 415 ppm, resulting in global warming and significant climate disruptions. The paper comprehensively discusses various technologies for carbon capture, including membrane-based systems, oxy-fuel combustion, chemical looping combustion (CLC), and cryogenic carbon capture (CCC)<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span> Membrane-based systems show strong potential for cost-effective, scalable carbon capture. Polymeric membranes are cheap but limited by selectivity and durability, while inorganic ones offer better stability and performance. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) combine these strengths, improving efficiency as material compatibility advances<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span> Other approaches include oxy-fuel combustion, which simplifies CO₂ capture but demands high energy for air separation; chemical looping combustion (CLC), which avoids NOx emissions but requires durable materials; and cryogenic carbon capture (CCC), which yields pure CO₂ but is energy-intensive. Improving heat and energy management could enhance these methods<span dir="RTL" lang="FA">.</span> Ultimately, no single solution will suffice—combining technologies, fostering industrial collaboration, and supporting policies like carbon pricing are essential to achieve substantial CO₂ reductions.</div>