Full-Field Force Mapping of Cutting Forces Driven by Local Density Variations in Norway Spruce Wood

<ns3:p>Full-Field Force Mapping of Cutting Forces Driven by Local Density Variations in Norway Spruce WoodLocal density variations in wood influence cutting performance. In this study, full-field force mapping was applied to investigate the relationship between density distribution and cutting forces. Cutting forces were measured using piezoelectric transducers during cutting of Norway spruce. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans of the workpiece provided spatially resolved density data. Force maps were constructed by aligning recorded forces with kerf positions and CT data. Results showed that cutting forces increased in regions of higher density, particularly near knot boundaries and latewood zones. Inner knot areas exhibiting lower density correlated with reduced cutting forces. Normal-force patterns were less responsive to local density changes. No self-feeding behaviour was observed. The integrated CT–force mapping technique enables spatial analysis of cutting responses in relation to anatomical wood features.</ns3:p>