Role of Improved Forages in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Livestock: A Review

Livestock production is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), which are primarily generated through enteric fermentation and manure management. Methane alone is over 23 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) in terms of global warming potential, making its reduction a critical target for climate change mitigation. This review explores the role of improved forage management as a sustainable strategy to reduce GHG emissions from ruminant livestock. Enhanced forage quality through the use of high-protein species, digestible silage, and legumes rich in plant secondary compounds such as tannins, saponins, essential oils, and flavonoids has demonstrated potential in mitigating CH<sub>4</sub> production by altering rumen fermentation and reducing methanogenic activity. Additionally, incorporating alternative forage crops like Medicago sativa (lucerne), Plantago lanceolata (plantain), and Brachiaria spp. can improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from excreta. Improved forage systems also contribute significantly to soil carbon sequestration, enhancing soil fertility and water retention while offsetting atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. By integrating these climate-smart forage practices, livestock systems can increase productivity and resilience while lowering their environmental footprint. The findings of this review highlight the critical importance of forage-based strategies in supporting global efforts to achieve methane reduction targets and promote sustainable livestock development.