Icing Characteristics and Anti‑icing Research of Supercooled Large Droplet Impact on Epoxy Composite Surfaces

The icing characteristics of supercooled large droplet （SLD） impacting carbon fiber-reinforced composites （CFRCs） remain poorly understood， hindering the enhancement of ice protection capabilities and the certification of ice-accreted composite aircraft. The paper systematically investigates the effects of the supercooling degree， the surface temperature， and the impact velocity on the ice accretion behavior of SLDs impacting carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite surfaces. To address the ice-prone nature of CFRCs， nanoparticle-modified anti-icing coatings are developed， and the icing characteristics of SLD-impacted modified carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite surfaces are analyzed. Results demonstrate that surface-modified carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite exhibits significantly delayed ice formation. Under conditions of droplet temperature （-15 ℃） and surface temperature （-18 ℃）， the icing time of hydrophobic-modified CFRCs was delayed by over 1 100 ms， representing a 5.4-fold improvement compared to the unmodified carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composite.