Advances in Smart Polymer and Nanomaterial-Based Packaging Systems: From Functional Films to Intelligent Food and Pharmaceutical Applications

This literature review provides an integrated examination of recent progress in smart polymer and nanomaterial‑based packaging technologies, focusing on enhanced functional performance, real‑time quality monitoring, and data‑driven evaluation frameworks. Nanocomposite materials containing graphene derivatives, metallic nanoparticles, nanoclays, and bio‑based reinforcements significantly strengthen mechanical properties, improve antimicrobial protection, and reduce oxygen and moisture permeability. These enhancements enable active packaging systems that effectively extend shelf life for food and pharmaceutical products. Intelligent packaging innovations—including colorimetric freshness indicators, optical and electrochemical nanosensors, RFID/NFC components, blockchain‑enabled traceability networks, and printed electronic circuits—support continuous monitoring of spoilage markers, chemical degradation, temperature fluctuations, and logistical conditions across supply chains. Furthermore, multi‑criteria decision‑making (MCDM) models such as PROAFTN, TOPSIS, fuzzy‑AHP, and AI‑enhanced optimization provide structured methods for selecting optimal packaging solutions when dealing with uncertainty, complex performance trade‑offs, and sustainability constraints. Across the reviewed literature, a consistent trend emerges: the convergence of nanotechnology, smart sensing mechanisms, environmental sustainability goals, and advanced analytical modeling is driving the evolution of next‑generation packaging systems that are more protective, transparent, intelligent, and environmentally responsible.