Cannabis and Impact of Scientific Research, Innovation on Scientific, Technological, Regulatory, and Socio-Economic Challenges

The global medical cannabis sector is experiencing rapid expansion driven by evolving regulatory frameworks, increasing therapeutic interest, and major advances in cultivation, extraction, and formulation technologies. Despite this momentum, the field remains marked by significant scientific,. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the agronomic, phytochemical, analytical, clinical, and regulatory dimensions shaping the emerging cannabis value chain, with particular relevance for regions newly authorized to cultivate and valorize cannabis. We examine the influence of genetic selection, cultivation systems, and post-harvest practices on cannabinoid and terpene profiles; assess the current state of analytical and medico-legal methods for product standardization; and critically evaluate available clinical evidence regarding safety, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy. Building a sustainable medical cannabis industry therefore requires alignment with international standards (GACP, GMP, pharmacopoeias) and coordinated progress across five pillars: medical, scientific, technological, regulatory, and socio-economic. A multidisciplinary and evidence-based research agenda is essential to address unresolved questions in pharmacokinetics, toxicity, clinical effectiveness, product standardization, and public health impact, and to support the development of a safe, innovative, and globally competitive therapeutic cannabis value chain.