Design and Analysis of Energy-Efficient Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems

The rapid growth of the global transportation sector has led to increased energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) represent a critical step toward achieving sustainable mobility by combining internal combustion engines (ICE) with electric propulsion systems. This paper explores the design and analysis of energy-efficient hybrid electric vehicle systems, emphasizing powertrain architecture, energy management strategies, component design, and optimization techniques. The study reviews major hybrid configurations—series, parallel, and power-split—and compares their energy efficiency. Advanced control algorithms using Artificial Intelligence (AI), Fuzzy Logic, and Model Predictive Control (MPC) are also discussed. Simulation results from MATLAB/Simulink-based case studies and literature show that optimized hybrid systems can achieve up to 40% fuel economy improvement and 50% emission reduction compared to conventional vehicles. The paper concludes with emerging trends such as advancement in battery technology, regenerative braking systems, and the integration of renewable energy sources.