Assessment of Perceived Level of Service for Active Transportation in Developing Metropolises: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Increasing urbanization and the corresponding rise in demand for motorized travel have made transportation planning and administration highly challenging, especially in developing nations. Several transport strategies are focusing on encouraging active transportation (AT) choices, such as walking and cycling, as a solution to these problems. This study examines the perceived level of service (pLOS) for AT in emerging metropolises, with Bhopal, India, as a case study. Employing a structural equation modeling approach, the interplay between four key constructs—infrastructure, physical environment (PE), safety and security, and government policies (GPs)—and their influence on the pLOS are examined. A relationship between the constructs is established using an ordered logit model. To achieve a quantifiable measure for assessing AT services, K-means clustering is applied to the user perception, providing a practical framework for evaluating and categorizing the level of service (LOS). The findings confirm the significant positive influence of all four constructs on the pLOS, with PE and GPs exhibiting the strongest direct effects. The slope of the terrain and network continuity emerged as crucial infrastructure elements, and surface quality and cleanliness were key aspects of the PE. In addition, safety and security perceptions played a vital role in influencing AT usage. The identification of six distinct user clusters reveals nuanced preferences and priorities, suggesting the need for tailored interventions. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the AT LOS in developing urban contexts.