Examining the Effectiveness of Renewable Energy Adoption in Reducing Household Dependence on Hydroelectricity. A Case Study of Parklands in Kitwe

This study examined the effectiveness of renewable energy adoption in reducing household dependence on hydroelectricity in Parklands, Kitwe. Motivated by frequent power outages, high electricity costs and the need for sustainable energy alternatives, the study aimed to: assess the level of renewable energy adoption among households, evaluate its impact on hydroelectricity reliance and to identify challenges to adoption. With a sample size of 50 households engaged within the township of Parklands, results showed that solar energy was the predominant renewable source, with solar panels (44%) and lamps (36%) accounting for most adoption, followed by biogas (16%). Households had used renewable energy for 1–5 years, with 26% relying on renewable for 26–50% of their energy needs and 18% for 76–100%. Statistical tests confirmed significant adoption impacts. Paired observations comparing adoption levels with the percentage of energy from renewables yielded a mean adoption level of 2.78 and mean renewable energy share of 3.04 (p = 0.00, with low to high ranged from 1 to 5 anchor rating), while the mean reduction in reliance on ZESCO-supplied hydroelectricity was 2.94 versus the hypothesized mean of 2.0 (p = 3.24e-06), indicating a significant shift toward alternative energy sources. Barriers to adoption included high initial costs, limited system capacity, technical knowledge gaps and unreliable products. Despite these challenges, 82% of respondents recommended renewable energy, highlighting perceived benefits such as cost savings, energy reliability, and convenience. In conclusion, renewable energy adoption significantly reduced hydroelectric dependence for some households, though most used it as a supplement not a replacement. Recommendations include financial incentives, technical training, infrastructure support, and policy interventions to enhance adoption, maximize benefits, and sustainable transitions.