Analysis of the Impact of Integrated Hydrogen and Battery Energy Storage Systems on the Dynamic Stability and Reliability of Local Power Grids with High Renewable Energy Penetration

Amid the rapid global transition to renewable energy sources (RES) and the growing share of renewables in total generation, ensuring the dynamic stability and reliability of regional power grids has become critically important. This study presents an extensive analysis of the impact of hybrid energy storage systems—combining high-power battery energy storage systems (BESS) and hydrogen technologies—on key stability metrics in autonomous and local power systems. The objective is to conduct both quantitative and qualitative assessments of changes in frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) following deployment of these integrated solutions. The methodological framework draws on a review of recent literature on hybrid energy storage modeling and the development of an original conceptual model, Smart Adaptive Energy Optimization (SAEO), which demonstrates intelligent coordination among diverse technologies. Results indicate that hybrid storage, by merging the instantaneous response of batteries with the high energy capacity of the hydrogen cycle, enhances the grid’s damping characteristics and accelerates recovery after disturbances. The scientific novelty resides in the proposed comprehensive SAEO architecture, which integrates energy storage devices, thermal subsystems, and artificial intelligence algorithms for system-wide optimization—making the findings valuable to power engineers, researchers, and infrastructure planners in the field of intelligent energy systems.