Extraction of flavonoids from natural sources using modern techniques: A review

Flavonoids, a major class of bioactive polyphenols present in plants, exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Their extraction plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and food industries. Traditional extraction methods, such as prolonged solvent-based techniques involving elevated temperatures, often suffer from inefficiency and compound degradation. Modern extraction technologies, including microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, offer improved efficiency, reduced solvent consumption, and enhanced preservation of bioactive integrity. This review focuses on these advanced methods, highlighting operational parameters, advantages, limitations, and recent improvements, with an emphasize on green and sustainable extraction.