Association between carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular disease in individuals with moderate blood pressure: a systematic review and individual participant meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The predictive value of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) for cardiovascular (CV) events in individuals with blood pressure (BP) 120-159/80-99 mm Hg, where more accurate risk stratification has the greatest clinical effect, is unknown. This study aims to determine whether cfPWV improves the prediction of CV events beyond traditional risk factors in individuals with moderate BP. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: PubMed and EMBASE were searched through April 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included prospective, population-based cohort studies with ≥1 year follow-up that directly measured cfPWV as an index of arterial stiffness and reported incident CV disease (CVD), atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD), coronary heart disease, stroke or all-cause mortality outcomes. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Individual participant data from 11 cohorts (n=15 987) were harmonised and analysed using two-stage random-effects meta-analysis. Incremental predictive and clinical utility analyses compared 10-year risk models with and without cfPWV. RESULTS: There were 1279 first atherosclerotic CV events over a median follow-up of 9.9 years. A 1-SD increase in loge(cfPWV) was associated with a 1.21-fold (95% CI 1.08 to 1.36) increase in risk of ASCVD. Adding cfPWV to traditional risk factors improved ASCVD prediction: change in discrimination (C-index): 0.0048 (95% CI 0.0002 to 0.0094), p=0.041. In hypothetical populations of 100 000 individuals with moderate BP, cfPWV-guided treatment could reduce event rates by 2.7% and 3.1% under European and US guidelines, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Adding cfPWV to traditional CV risk factors may improve the prediction and classification of first CV events in individuals with moderate BP. Additional screening with cfPWV could enhance risk stratification for antihypertensive treatment initiations.