Field Inversion Machine Learning for Time-Resolved Unsteady Flows in Airfoil Dynamic Stall

While many existing machine learning studies have focused on augmenting Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence models for steady or time-averaged unsteady flows, this paper takes a first step toward extending such augmentation to time-resolved unsteady flows. An unsteady field inversion and machine learning (FIML) method is developed, in which a temporally evolving correction field ([Formula: see text]) is incorporated into the production term of a RANS turbulence model. The inverse problem is solved by optimizing the spatiotemporal distribution of [Formula: see text] to minimize the regularized prediction errors. The resulting optimized [Formula: see text] field is then used to train a multilayer neural network that learns the time-dependent relationship between local flow features and [Formula: see text]. The approach is demonstrated using the unsteady flow over a NACA0012 airfoil undergoing dynamic stall. Results show that the unsteady FIML model, trained using only the time series of drag data at a given pitch rate, can accurately reproduce the spatiotemporal evolution of reference drag, lift, pitching moment, surface pressure, and velocity fields at both identical and different pitch rates. The unsteady FIML is integrated into the open-source DAFoam framework, enabling a pathway toward developing accurate and generalizable RANS turbulence models for time-resolved unsteady flows.