INCIDENCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AMONG LEISURE TIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPANTS

Abstract Background: Physical exercise is widely promoted for cardiovascular health, yet some active individuals still present with cardiovascular risk factors. This study investigated the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among adults engaging in Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) in Delta State, Nigeria, and explored associations with demographic, lifestyle, and activity patterns. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 300 adults aged range of 30-60years. The subjects were recruited from fitness center and sports clubs using multi-stage sampling techniques. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire, anthropometric, blood pressure measurements and blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses (fasting blood glucose and lipid profile). Descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-tests, ANOVA, correlations, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS at p < 0.05. Results: Obesity prevalence was high (68.0%), and 63.3% had central obesity. Hypertension affected 42.3% (SBP ≥140 mmHg) and 38.7% (DBP ≥90 mmHg). Abnormal fasting glucose was recorded in 34.0% (22.7% pre-diabetic, 11.3% diabetic). Borderline-to-high cholesterol levels were common (40.9%), with 36.7% elevated LDL-C. Higher LTPA frequency was inversely associated with BMI (β = −2.76, p < 0.001) and improved lipid profiles (p < 0.05), though BP associations were modest. Logistic regression showed low LTPA increased hypertension odds 2.45-fold (p < 0.001). Conclusion: LTPA should be promoted as part of a broader, integrated lifestyle modification approach to maximize cardiovascular risk reduction. Recommendation: Further longitudinal and mechanistic studies are warranted to better understand the optimal dosage and interaction of LTPA with other risk factors to enhance prevention strategies.