Frequency of Different Perinatal Outcomes Across Grade II and Grade III Placental Maturity

Background:Placental maturity is an important indicator of fetal well-being and intrauterine status. Abnormal placental maturation has been linked to adverse perinatal outcomes, including fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and perinatal mortality. Understanding its impact is critical for timely obstetric management and improved neonatal outcomes. The study aimed to evaluate the relationship between placental maturity (Grade II vs. Grade III) and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies at or beyond 34 weeks of gestation. Methods:This cross-sectional study included 110 pregnant women with singleton pregnancies at ≥34 weeks of gestation. Placental grading was assessed by ultrasonography and classified according to Grannum’s criteria. Maternal demographic data, gestational age, mode of delivery, and perinatal outcomes (APGAR score, birth weight, NICU admission, stillbirth, and preterm delivery) were recorded. Frequencies and percentages were calculated and outcomes were compared between Grade II and Grade III placental maturity groups. Results:The mean maternal age was 27 ± 7.2 years; 37% of women were primiparous and 63% multiparous. Grade III placental maturity was observed in 65% of participants, while 35% had Grade II maturity. Overall, 4.5% of neonates had a low APGAR score, 4.5% were stillborn, 2.7% had low birth weight, 5.45% required NICU admission, and 2.7% were preterm. Adverse outcomes were more frequent in Grade II placental maturity (low APGAR 8%, stillbirth 11%, NICU admission 8%) compared to Grade III (low APGAR 3%, stillbirth 1%, NICU admission 4%). Conclusion: Placental maturity is significantly associated with perinatal outcomes. Delayed maturation (Grade II) beyond 34 weeks may serve as a marker of placental insufficiency and is associated with increased risk of stillbirth, low APGAR scores, and NICU admissions. Routine assessment of placental grading may aid in early identification of at-risk pregnancies and improve perinatal care.