MASS operations in port calls

To achieve success in the maritime industry's shift towards autonomous vessels - seeking the goals of enhanced efficiency, environmental sustainability, and improved safety - it is crucial to develop, test, and validate new procedures and technologies for autonomous ship operations, which includes management of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) at port. So far, the focus of autonomy in maritime has been mainly on the navigational issues, and not as much on the integration between port technology and procedures, and remote operations centre (ROC) operation. MASS will not necessarily have its bridge, cargo handling equipment, and maintenance being manned by onboard agents, but can rather be fully operated and organised by a ROC. To overcome these challenges, there are different areas of concern that must be considered such as navigation and docking, cargo handling, and maintenance, etc.