Recent Advances in Material-Based Platforms for Rapid Uranyl Detection and Removal

Nuclear energy is a key low-carbon source for global carbon neutrality, yet its rapid expansion has intensified uranium mining, fuel processing, and nuclear wastewater discharge, raising concerns about the environmental and health risks associated with uranyl (UO22+) contamination. Reliable monitoring and effective removal of uranium contamination are therefore essential for ensuring environmental safety and conducting accurate risk assessment. Advanced material-based sensors have emerged as promising solutions, owing to their high sensitivity, selectivity, portability, and rapid response. Recent advances feature platforms based on noble metals, quantum dots, metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and nanocomposites, which enable efficient uranyl removal and detection through optical, electrochemical, and multifunctional strategies. The integration of artificial intelligence for spectral interpretation and recognition is also discussed, highlighting its potential to overcome challenges in complex water matrices. This review further outlines perspectives on sustainable, field-deployable platforms for uranyl detection and removal, aiming to safeguard environmental health and support effective nuclear wastewater management.