A Planck-Scale Discrete Network Model for the Emergence of Spacetime, Gravity, and Fundamental Forces

This work proposes a conceptual framework in which spacetime, gravity, and gauge forces emerge from a discrete network of Planck-scale cells. Energy propagates across the network in Planck-time steps as elementary pulses, and the collective behavior of these pulses gives rise to an effective spacetime geometry consistent with general relativity at large scales. Within this model, the constants and arise naturally from the fundamental update rules of the network: the maximum propagation rate of pulses yields , while the gravitational coupling emerges from energy interactions between cells at the Planck scale. Gauge interactions (U(1), SU(2), SU(3)) are interpreted as internal state transformations of the cells, leading to a unified origin for spacetime and forces without requiring extra dimensions. The framework provides a simple, intuitive approach to quantum gravity and offers several testable predictions, including small high-energy deviations in gravitational and electromagnetic wave propagation.