Economic Assessment of Cropping Systems Prevalent in the Trans-Gangetic Plain and Farmers' Preference for Adopting Sustainable Cropping Systems

This study highlighted the economic assessment of the cropping system prevalent in the trans-Gangetic plain and found farmers' preference for sustainable alternative cropping systems. A survey of 320 farmers was conducted to identify prevalent cropping systems and to assess the economics of different cropping systems in the study area. Descriptive statistics revealed that the rice-wheat system remained the most prevalent cropping system due to its established market linkages and assured procurement. The study also evaluated the costs, returns and profitability of different cropping systems prevalent in the study area. The findings revealed that the rice-wheat-black gram system and the rice-potato-spring maize system generated higher returns and profitability in Karnal and Ludhiana, respectively. In comparison, the rice-wheat system showed lower returns and profitability in both areas. Farmers' preferences for sustainable alternatives revealed that direct-seeded rice–zero-till wheat and rice–wheat–mung bean systems emerged as the most preferred options due to their water-conservation and soil-health benefits. Constraints to adopting these alternative cropping systems were analysed using Garrett's ranking technique, which highlighted key barriers, including high input costs, lack of market assurance, and limited technical support. The study emphasised the importance of policy support for diversified cropping systems to improve farm profitability, optimise resource use, and ensure long-term sustainability.