Optimal Operation Model of a PV–ESS–EV Microgrid Toward the Net-Zero Target

Currently, in Vietnam and worldwide, the Zero Energy Building (ZEB) concept is receiving increasing attention as a promising solution to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions in the building sector. ZEBs integrate renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and advanced energy management strategies to enhance energy autonomy and lower operating costs. In this context, this study proposes an optimal operational model for an office building microgrid that includes photovoltaic (PV) generation, an energy storage system (ESS), and electric vehicles (EVs) providing Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) services. The coordinated operation of these distributed energy resources aims to achieve energy balance while minimizing electricity costs and maximizing the utilization of renewable energy. The proposed optimization model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved using GAMS software with the CPLEX solver. Several scenarios are analyzed, including variations in electricity purchase and sale prices and different operating modes of the ESS, to comprehensively evaluate the model’s effectiveness and its potential contribution to the development of sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.